Hnub ci modules, tseem hu ua hnub ci vaj huam sib luag, yog tsim los ntawm ntau lub hnub ci photovoltaic (PV) uas ntes lub hnub lub zog thiab hloov mus rau hauv hluav taws xob.Cov hlwb no feem ntau yog ua los ntawm silicon lossis lwm yam khoom siv semiconducting, thiab lawv ua haujlwm los ntawm absorbing photons los ntawm lub hnub ci, uas tso tawm electrons thiab tsim hluav taws xob tam sim no.Cov hluav taws xob tsim los ntawm lub hnub ci modules yog ib daim ntawv ntawm tam sim no ncaj qha (DC), uas tuaj yeem hloov mus rau hauv alternating tam sim no (AC) siv inverters kom nws tuaj yeem siv hauv tsev thiab kev lag luam.